
      <div class="aod-content"><p>If you do have a problem with alcohol or drug use, you may experience one or more of the following:</p>
      <ul>
      <li>drinking too much (perhaps vomiting or experiencing a hangover)</li>
      <li>overdosing (losing consciousness)</li>
      <li>regular need for the alcohol or other drug</li>
      <li>having previous failed attempts to stop using</li>
      <li>significant changes in mood and/or behaviour</li>
      <li>a decline in health (mental and/or physical)</li>
      <li>neglecting responsibilities</li>
      <li>lowered productivity</li>
      <li>accidents</li>
      <li>financial problems</li>
      <li>deteriorating relationships at work and with family and friends</li>
      <li>doing things you normally wouldn’t do (such as illegal activities like stealing)</li>
      </ul>
      <p>While you may not be able to immediately identify a problem with alcohol or other drug use, your pattern of use may be hazardous in that it puts you at risk of developing one or more of these problems in the future.</p>
      <p>If you are concerned about your use, you can call the alcohol drug helpline on <strong><a href='tel:0800787797'>0800 787 797</a></strong> for free confidential information, help and support.</p>
      <p>You might like to try out our <a title="Test your drinking" href="/problem" target="_blank">drinking</a> test or <a title="Test your drug taking" href="/problem">drug taking</a> test.</p>
                              
                                                  </div>
    

Do I have a problem?

Get Help!

<div class="aod-content">
     <p>Alcohol (ethanol or ethyl alcohol) is the ingredient found in beer, wine and spirits which causes
         drunkenness. Alcohol is formed when yeast ferments (breaks down without oxygen) the carbohydrates or sugars in
         different food e.g. wine is made from the sugar in grapes, beer from the sugar in malted barley (a type of
         grain), cider from the sugar in apples, vodka from the sugar in potatoes, beets or other plants.</p>
     <p>Ethanol dissolves easily in water, so it can be rapidly absorbed throughout the body in the
         blood. Alcohol passes through the placenta to the unborn child and is also present in breast milk when a mother
         drinks.</p>
     <p>Alcohol is the most widely used social drug in New Zealand. Alcohol is classed as a depressant.
         However, at low doses it acts as a mild stimulant. As concentrations in the bloodstream increase, stimulation
         gives way to sedation, stupor, coma and finally death.</p>
     <p>The amount of alcohol consumed when drinking depends on how much alcohol is in s a particular
         type of drink and how many drinks you consume. The standard drinks measure is a simple way for you to work out
         how much alcohol you are drinking. It measures the amount of pure alcohol in a drink. One standard drink equals
         10 grams of pure alcohol.
        </p>
        <h3>Standard Drinks – know how much alcohol you’re really drinking</h3>
     <p>The Standard Drinks measure is a simple way to work out how much alcohol you are drinking. All
         bottles of wine, beer and spirits, and all cans or casks now have standard drinks content on the label – so you
         can easily tell how many standard drinks there are in what you’re drinking.
        </p>
        <h3>What are Standard Drinks?</h3>
     <p>Standard Drinks measures the amount of pure alcohol you are drinking.</p>
     <p><a href="images/content/Standard-1.png"><img
                 loading="lazy"
                 src="images/content/Standard-1-990x593.png" alt=""
                 width="640" height="383"
                 srcset="images/content/Standard-1-990x593.png 990w, images/content/Standard-1-300x180.png 300w, images/content/Standard-1.png 996w"
                 sizes="(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px"></a></p>
     <p>It’s not the amount of liquid you’re drinking that’s important – it’s the amount of alcohol.</p>
     <p><a href="images/content/Standard-2.png"><img
                 loading="lazy"
                 src="images/content/Standard-2-920x990.png" alt="Standard 2"
                 width="640" height="689"
                 srcset="images/content/Standard-2-920x990.png 920w, images/content/Standard-2-279x300.png/Standard-2-279x300.png 279w, images/content/Standard-2.png 987w"
                 sizes="(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px"></a></p>
     <p>… you are drinking approximately 10 grams of alcohol depending on the alcohol percentage. Each of
         these is a standard drink.</p>
     <p>Standard Drinks measures the amount of alcohol, not the amount of liquid you’re drinking –
         because it’s the alcohol content that’s most important to track.</p>
     <p>Because drinks have different amounts of alcohol in them, the number of standard drinks in each
         bottle, can or cask will be different.</p>
     <p>For more information <a title="Other Resources"
             href="https://alcoholdrughelp.org.nz/helpline/resources/">click here</a> to download a copy of ‘The straight
         up guide to standard drinks’ or <a title="Contact" href="https://alcoholdrughelp.org.nz/contact/">contact</a>
         the Helpline and we will post you a copy.</p>
     <div>
         <a href="http://www.alcohol.org.nz/" target="_blank"><img
                 src="images/content/Alcohol-1-smaller.png"
                 class="attachment-full alignleft"></a>
     </div>
     
 </div>

The Drug

<div class="aod-content">
     <p>Initially when you drink alcohol, you experience a feeling of pleasure and relaxation. The more you drink, the higher your blood alcohol level becomes, and your body’s reactions begin to slow down. You may experience slurred speech, inability to walk straight, and impaired judgement and co-ordination.</p>
 <p>Alcohol can be dangerous in smaller amounts if it is used in combination with other drugs</p>
 <p>There are recommended guidelines for low risk drinking. The more you drink over the recommended amount the more at risk you are. Some of the short-term effects on your health may include:</p>
 <ul>
  <li>weight gain</li>
  <li>mood and personality changes</li>
  <li>drink-related accidents</li>
  <li>feeling anxious</li>
  <li>missing work due to hangovers, headaches</li>
  <li>impotence</li>
  <li>high blood pressure</li>
  <li>memory loss</li>
  <li>confusion, disorganisation</li>
 </ul>
 <p>Other, long-term effects may include;</p>
 <ul>
 <li>major damage to the brain, the central nervous system, digestive system, heart and liver</li>
 <li>increased risk of some forms of cancer</li>
 <li>psychiatric problems</li>
 <li>prone to depression</li>
 </ul>
 <code>TODO: Quiz Link</code>
 <p><a title="Test your drinking" href="/problem">Click here</a> to check if your drinking is OK.</p>
 </div>

The Effects

<div class="aod-content">

     <h3>Hurting others or being hurt your self</h3>
     <p>Binge drinking can lead people to be more likely to hurt others round them or to do things they wouldn’t if they
         were not intoxicated. Examples include:</p>
     <ul>
         <li>Domestic violence and abuse</li>
         <li>Assault</li>
         <li>Other criminal offending</li>
         <li>Relationship problems</li>
         <li>Injuries</li>
         <li>Regretted sexual encounters and unsafe sex.</li>
         <li>Suicide</li>
     </ul>
     <p>An intoxicated person is also more vulnerable to becoming a victim of violence. It is much harder to keep
         yourself safe.</p>

     <h3>Dependence</h3>
     <p>Psychological dependence occurs when using a drug becomes more important than other activities in a person’s
         life. Physical dependence upon a drug occurs when a person’s body is used to functioning with the drug present
         in the system. Alcohol dependence affects physical and mental health, and causes problems with family, friends,
         and work. It is characterized by a mental and/or physical need to consume alcohol in order to prevent the pains
         of withdrawal. Withdrawal symptoms occur when a person dependent on a drug stops using it or significantly cuts
         down the amount they are using. people who have been drinking for a long period of time, or drinking frequently,
         or drink heavily when they do drink, will experience some form of withdrawal symptoms if they stop drinking
         suddenly.</p>
     <p>If you are concerned that you or someone you care about may be dependent on alcohol call the Alcohol Drug
         Helpline for confidential professional help.</p>

     <h3>Impact on the unborn child or breast feeding baby</h3>
     <p>Alcohol has the potential to cause harm to the unborn child and also harm to the baby whilst breastfeeding. Due
         to this, it is recommended to not use any level of alcohol during pregnancy and whilst breastfeeding.</p>
     
         <h3>Alcohol Poisoning</h3>
     <p>Drinking significantly more than the body can metabolize and eliminate often results in alcohol poisoning, which
         in some instances is fatal. Binge drinking (consuming more than the recommended guidelines at one sitting) can
         also lead to alcohol poisoning. Nausea and vomiting are two of the first alcohol poisoning symptoms a person
         with an alcohol overdose will experience. If someone you know is unconscious due to drinking put them in the
         recovery position and call an ambulance.</p>
     
      <h3>Drink Driving</h3>
     <p>It is illegal to drive a motor vehicle with a blood alcohol level over the legal limit. Current legal limits are:
     </p>
     <ul>
         <li>Drivers aged 20 years and over must not drive if:
             <ul>
                 <li>the amount of alcohol in their breath is more than 250 micrograms of alcohol per litre of breath.
                 </li>
                 <li>the amount of alcohol in their blood is more than 50 milligrams of alcohol per 100 millilitres of
                     blood.</li>
             </ul>
         </li>
         <li>For drivers under the age of 20 years, the limit is zero.</li>
     </ul>
     <p>Drink-driving is considered a serious offence and carries tough penalties, especially for repeat offenders.</p>
     <p><a href="http://www.nzta.govt.nz/licence/offences-penalties/index.html?gclid=Cj0KEQiAwPCjBRDZp9LWno3p7rEBEiQAGj3KJs1w79qGwulOLdlJs1noiWd3vsMSb5ngMb6nQ57L3WMaAq8S8P8HAQ]"
             target="new">Click here</a> for more information on the law regarding alcohol limits for driving.</p>
     <h3>Supplying alcohol to minors</h3>
     <p>In New Zealand, it is illegal for:</p>
     <ul>
         <li>anyone under 18 years old to purchase alcohol, and</li>
         <li>It is illegal to supply alcohol to someone under the age of 18 years unless:
             <ul>
                 <li>the person supplying the alcohol is the <a
                         href="http://www.alcohol.org.nz/alcohol-management-laws/nz-alcohol-laws/age-the-law/parents-and-guardians"
                         target="new">parent or legal guardian</a> and the alcohol is supplied in a responsible manner,
                     or</li>
                 <li>the person supplying alcohol has the express consent of the young person’s parent or legal guardian
                     and the alcohol is supplied in a responsible manner.</li>
             </ul>
         </li>
     </ul>
 </div>

The Risks

<div class="aod-content">
     <p>The Health Promotion Agency has designed alcohol drinking advice to help you make an informed choice and help
         keep your risk of alcohol-related accidents, injuries, diseases and death low.</p>
     <p>Low- risk is not, however, no-risk. Even when drinking within the low-risk limits, a range of factors can affect
         your level of risk including the rate of drinking, your body type or genetic makeup, your gender, existing
         health problems, and if you are young or an older person.</p>
         
     <h3>How much?</h3>
     <img src="/images/content/Alcohol-Elements_Standard-Drinks-and-Low-risk-drinking-advice2-1-990x610.png" alt="" width="640" height="394">
     <p>Reduce your long-term health risks by drinking no more than:</p>
     <ul>
         <li><strong>two</strong> standard drinks <strong>a day for women </strong>and no more than <strong>10</strong>
             standard drinks <strong>a week</strong></li>
         <li><strong>three</strong> standard drinks <strong>a day for men </strong>and no more than <strong>15</strong>
             standard drinks <strong>a week</strong></li>
     </ul>
     <p>and at least <strong>two alcohol-free days</strong> every week.</p>

     <p>Reduce your risk of injury on a single occasion of drinking by drinking no more than:</p>
     <ul>
         <li><strong>four</strong> standard drinks <strong>for women </strong>on any <strong>single occasion</strong>
         </li>
         <li><strong>five </strong>standard drinks<strong> for men </strong>on any<strong> single occasion</strong></li>
     </ul>

     <h4>Advice for pregnant women or those planning to get pregnant</h4>
      <p>no alcohol. There is no known safe level of alcohol use at any stage of pregnancy.</p>

     <h4>Advice for parents of children and young people under 18 years</h4>
     <p>For children and young people under 18 years, not drinking alcohol is the safest option.</p>
     <p>Those <strong>under 15 years of age</strong> are at the <strong>greatest risk of harm from drinking alcohol </strong>and <strong>not drinking </strong>in this age group is especially important.</p>
     <p>For young people aged <strong>15 to 17 years</strong>, the safest option is to <strong>delay drinking for as long
             as possible</strong>. If 15 to 17 year olds do drink alcohol, they should be supervised, drink infrequently
         and at levels usually below and never exceeding the adult (18 years and over) daily limits.</p>

     <h3>When not to drink alcohol</h3>
     <p>It’s advisable not to drink if you:</p>
     <ul>
         <li>are pregnant or planning to get pregnant</li>
         <li>are on medication that interacts with alcohol</li>
         <li>have a condition made worse by drinking alcohol</li>
         <li>feel unwell, depressed, tired or cold as alcohol could make things worse</li>
         <li>are about to operate machinery or a vehicle or do anything that is risky or requires skill.</li>
     </ul>
     <h3>Tips for low-risk drinking</h3>
     <p>It is possible to drink at a level that is less risky, while still having fun. There are a number of things you
         can do to make sure you stay within low-risk levels and don’t get to a stage where you are no longer capable of
         controlling your drinking.</p>
     <p>These include:</p>
     <ul>
         <li>know what a standard drink is</li>
         <li>keep track of how much you drink – daily and weekly</li>
         <li>set limits for yourself and stick to them</li>
         <li>start with non-alcoholic drinks and alternate with alcoholic drinks</li>
         <li>drink slowly</li>
         <li>try drinks with a lower alcohol content</li>
         <li>eat before or while you are drinking</li>
         <li>never drink and drive</li>
         <li>be a responsible host</li>
         <li>talk to your kids about alcohol.</li>
     </ul>
 </div>

Guidelines

Alcohol

<div class="aod-content">
          <p><strong>Benzodiazepines</strong> <em>(sometimes called <q>benzos</q>)</em> are depressants that work by slowing down the messages going to and from the brain to the body, including physical, mental and emotional responses.</p>
          <p>Benzodiazepines are intended for oral use only. The drug is absorbed into the bloodstream and circulates through the body.</p>
          <a href="http://www.drughelp.org.nz/" target="_blank">
            <img src="images/content/Generic-1-smaller.png">
          </a>
        </div>

<div class="aod-content">
        <p>Immediate effects from taking Benzodiazepine may include:</p>
        <ul>
          <li>relaxation, calmness, relief from tension and anxiety</li>
          <li>drowsiness, tiredness, lethargy</li>
          <li>dizziness, vertigo, blurred or double vision</li>
          <li>slurred speech, stuttering</li>
          <li>mild impairment of thought processes and memory</li>
          <li>feelings of isolation and emotional depression</li>
        </ul>

        <p>In greater quantities:</p>
        <ul>
          <li>drowsiness, over-sedation, sleep</li>
          <li>confused, slurred speech</li>
          <li>poor co-ordination</li>
          <li>impaired judgement, difficulty thinking clearly</li>
          <li>loss of memory, blurred or double vision and/or dizziness</li>
          <li>mood swings and aggressive outbursts</li>
        </ul>
        <p>Benzodiazepines can help to relieve anxiety in the short term. However, they do not solve the problem that caused
            the anxiety in the first place. The use of benzodiazepines over a period of more than two to three weeks is not
            medically recommended.</p>
        <p>Long-term use of benzodiazepines may cause:</p>
        <ul>
         <li>drowsiness, lack of motivation</li>
         <li>difficulty thinking clearly, memory loss</li>
         <li>personality change, changes in emotional responses</li>
         <li>anxiety, irritability</li>
         <li>difficulty sleeping, disturbing dreams</li>
         <li>headaches, nausea</li>
         <li>skin rash</li>
         <li>menstrual problems</li>
         <li>sexual problems</li>
         <li>greater appetite, weight gain</li>
         <li>increased risk of accidents, including falling over (older people)</li>
        </ul>
        <p>People who are physically dependent on benzodiazepines usually develop tolerance to the drug. That is, they need
            to take more and more to get the same effect. This can happen very quickly with benzodiazepines. The
            effectiveness of benzodiazepines used as sleeping pills can wear off after three nights.</p>
        <p>People who are psychologically dependent feel as though they can’t cope without benzodiazepines. They crave the
            drug and find it very difficult to stop using it.</p>
        </div>

<div class="aod-content">
     <p>Binging on Benzodiazepine is when a person takes a whole pack in one session, rather than on a daily basis. There
         is a strong possibility that a high level of benzodiazepine will remain in the bloodstream the day after a
         binge.</p>
     <p>Very high doses of benzodiazepines can cause unconsciousness or coma. Death rarely occurs from overdose of
         benzodiazepines alone, but some deaths have occurred when large doses were combined with alcohol or other drugs.
         Deaths have occurred due to the inhalation of mucus or vomit while the person has been unconscious.</p>
     <p>If a dependent person suddenly stops taking the benzodiazepines (or severely cuts down their dose), they may have
         physical withdrawal symptoms. &nbsp;Withdrawal effects can be quiet severe, therefore it&nbsp; is recommended
         that people undergo a slow reduction in dose in consultation with a doctor or health worker.</p>
     <p>Like all drugs, benzodiazepines may have the potential to cause harm to the unborn child and also harm to the
         baby whilst breastfeeding. Due to this, it is recommended to not use any level of benzodiazepines during
         pregnancy and whilst breastfeeding.</p>
     <p>Benzodiazepines are a <strong>Class C drug</strong>. The maximum penalty for importation/ manufacture/supply is 8 years
         imprisonment on indictment or 1 year jail and/or $1,000 fine summarily, and for possession 3 months jail and/or
         a $500 fine.</p>
     <p>It is illegal to drive a motor vehicle while under the influence of any drug, including benzodiazepines. Breaking
         this law carries heavy penalties including disqualification from driving, fines and even imprisonment.</p>
 </div>

Benzodiazepines

<div class="aod-content">
          <p>Marijuana is the most common and least powerful form of cannabis. Marijuana is smoked in hand-rolled cigarettes (joints), in a traditional pipe, or a water pipe (a bong). Marijuana can also be added to various food recipes.</p>
          <p>Hashish is dried cannabis resin which comes in small blocks. The blocks range in colour from light brown to nearly black. The concentration of THC in hashish is higher than in marijuana, producing stronger effects. Hash is added to tobacco and smoked, or baked and eaten in foods such as ‘hash cookies’.</p>
          <p>Cannabis oil is often created from low grade cannabis leaf (cabbage) in order to extract the THC and create a more potent form of cannabis. Consequently a very small amount can have a strong effect. It is usually spread on the tip or paper of cigarettes and then smoked.</p>
          <p><q>Spotting</q> is a particularly common way to consume all forms of cannabis in New Zealand. This involves the heating of common kitchen knives, often on a stove. A small amount of cannabis is placed in between the hot knives and the fumes are inhaled.</p>
          <a href="https://www.pothelp.org.nz/" target="_blank">
            <img src="images/content/Pot-1-smaller.png">
          </a>
        </div>

<div class="aod-content">
     <p>The effects of any drug vary from person to person.&nbsp; It depends on many factors including an individual’s
         size, weight and health, how the drug is taken, how much is taken, whether the person is used to taking it, the
         person’s mood and whether other drugs are taken.&nbsp; The effects also depend on the environment in which the
         drug is used – for example, whether the person is alone, with others, or in a social setting.&nbsp; The quality
         and purity of the drug used will also influence its effects.</p>
     <h3>Immediate effects</h3>
     <p>Small quantities of cannabis can have effects that last 2-3 hours after smoking and may include:</p>
     <ul>
         <li>relaxation and loss of inhibition</li>
         <li>drowsiness</li>
         <li>increased appetite (the munchies)</li>
         <li>increased awareness and altered perception of colour, sound, vision, time and space</li>
         <li>impaired coordination</li>
         <li>loss of short-term memory</li>
         <li>altered perception of thought processes (may believe they’ve experienced profound ideas or insights)</li>
         <li>increased heart rate, low blood pressure, faintness and reddened eyes</li>
     </ul>
     <h3>In greater quantities</h3>
     <p>Larger quantities of marijuana make the above effects stronger, and also tend to distort a person’s
         perceptions.&nbsp; &nbsp;Very large quantities of marijuana can produce:</p>
     <ul>
         <li>confusion</li>
         <li>restlessness</li>
         <li>feelings of excitement</li>
         <li>hallucinations</li>
         <li>anxiety or panic, or detachment from reality</li>
         <li>decreased reaction time</li>
         <li>paranoia</li>
     </ul>
     <h3>Long-term effects</h3>
     <ul>
         <li>traces of THC can remain detectable in urine samples for days, even weeks, after use</li>
         <li>respiratory illness</li>
         <li>reduced motivation</li>
         <li>reduced brain function</li>
         <li>hormonal imbalances leading to lowered libido and infertility</li>
     </ul>
 </div>

<div class="aod-content">
          <h3>Tolerance</h3>
          <p>With regular use, people can develop a mild tolerance to cannabis. This means they need to take more and more to get the same effect.</p>

          <h3>Dependence</h3>
          <p>Dependence on cannabis can be psychological or physical, or both.</p>
          <p>People who become psychologically dependent on cannabis find that using cannabis becomes far more important than other activities in their life. Cannabis becomes part of their lifestyle (eg reducing stress, increasing relaxation) and some come to depend on it. Some people crave the drug and find it very difficult to stop using it.</p>
          <p>Physical dependence occurs when a person’s body has adapted to a drug. The body is used to functioning with the drug present. Heavy and frequent use of cannabis can cause physical dependence.</p>
        </div>

Cannabis

<div class="aod-content">
          <p>Cocaine is a drug derived from the leaves of the coca plant which is found mainly in Peru and Bolivia. It is a stimulant because it speeds up the functions of the central nervous system – the messages going to and from the brain. It comes in the form of a white powder and has the scientific name cocaine hydrochloride.</p>
          <p>Cocaine is inhaled (snorted) through the nose, or injected. It is also smoked through a process known as <q>freebasing</q> – where the cocaine is converted to an alkaloid form. Cocaine hydrochloride cannot be smoked, since the drug is destroyed at high temperatures.</p>
          <p><q>Crack</q> is a very pure form of freebase cocaine sold in the form of small crystals or rocks. Crack is smoked in pipes or in cigarettes, mixed with tobacco or marijuana. Crack has rarely been seen in New Zealand.</p>
          <a href="http://www.drughelp.org.nz/" target="_blank">
            <img src="images/content/Generic-1-smaller.png">
          </a>
        </div>

<div class="aod-content">
        <p>The effects of any drug vary from person to person. It depends on many factors including an individual’s size,
          weight and health, how the drug is taken, how much is taken, whether the person is used to taking it, the
          person’s mood and whether other drugs are taken. The effects also depend on the environment in which the drug is
          used – for example, whether the person is alone, with others, or in a social setting. The quality and purity of
          the drug used will also influence its effects.
        </p>
        <h3>Immediate Effects </h3>
        <p>Many people have experienced the following effects shortly after taking cocaine:</p>
        <ul>
          <li>physiological arousal, including increased body temperature and heart rate</li>
          <li>feelings of well-being, exhilaration</li>
          <li>decreased hunger</li>
          <li>panic and anxiety</li>
          <li>poor concentration and judgement</li>
          <li>indifference to pain and fatigue</li>
          <li>feelings of great physical strength and mental capacity</li>
          <li>enlarged pupils</li>
          <li>sexual arousal</li>
          <li>unpredictable and/or violent behaviour</li>
          <li>However it’s used, the effects of cocaine peak after 15 to 30 minutes, and then diminish.</li>
        </ul>

      <h3>In greater quantities</h3>
      <p>Using large quantities of cocaine repeatedly over a period of hours can lead to:</p>
      <ul>
          <li>extreme agitation, anxiety</li>
          <li>paranoia and hallucinations</li>
          <li>dizziness, tremors</li>
          <li>nausea and vomiting</li>
          <li>unpredictable violent/aggressive behaviour</li>
          <li>loss of concentration and coordination</li>
          <li>loss of interest in sex</li>
          <li>loss of ambition and motivation</li>
          <li>heart pain / heart attack</li>
          <li>paranoid psychosis</li>
          <li>increased body temperature</li>
          <li>rapid, irregular and shallow breathing.</li>
      </ul>
  
      <h3>Long-term effects</h3>
      <p>People who have used cocaine over longer periods tend to take cocaine in high quantities – <q>binges</q> interrupted by <q>crashes</q>.</p>
      <p>A <q>binge</q> is where the drug is taken repeatedly over several hours or days. The person may attempt to end the binge by taking a depressant drug such as alcohol, benzodiazepines or heroin. The binge is followed by the <q>crash</q> – a period characterised by intense depression, lethargy and hunger.</p>
      <p>The unpleasant effects of cocaine increase with more frequent, long-term use. This often results in the person discontinuing their use for a period of time. Most of the symptoms will dissipate once cocaine use ceases.</p>
      
      <h3>Overdose</h3>
      <p>The dosage and method of use that can cause cocaine overdose varies from person to person. The effects of
          overdose are very intense and, generally, short in nature. Although uncommon, deaths have been recorded from
          cocaine overdose due to seizures, heart attack, brain haemorrhage, kidney failure, stroke, and/or repeated
          convulsions.</p>
      <p>Initial tolerance to cocaine develops rapidly with continual heavy use. After this initial level is reached,
          people who use cocaine don’t appear to develop tolerance for increasing amounts. Regular users may in fact
          develop a ‘reverse tolerance’, whereby they experience the effects of the drug more intensely. Tolerance to
          cocaine may not be obvious due to the tendency to mix cocaine with other drugs such as heroin and alcohol.</p>
      <p>Psychological dependence occurs when using a drug becomes more important than other activities in a person’s
          life. Because of its powerful euphoric effects, cocaine users may develop a strong psychological dependence upon
          it. It can be difficult to resist the craving due to changes in the brain, even after long periods of
          abstinence, strong cravings can persist.</p>
      <p>Although psychological dependence is more of a problem than physical withdrawal symptoms – low moods and feeling
          very rough soon after stopping can tempt people to take more cocaine.</p>

      <h3>Withdrawal</h3>
      <p>Withdrawal symptoms occur when a person dependent on a drug stops using it or significantly cuts down the amount they are using. Cocaine withdrawal generally occurs in three phases:</p>
      <ul>
        <li><strong>Crash</strong>, which describes symptoms experienced immediately after the person stops using cocaine – usually in the first two to four days.</li>
        <li><strong>Withdrawal</strong>, which can last up to ten weeks.</li>
        <li><strong>Extinction</strong>, which can last indefinitely, and includes symptoms of episodic cravings for cocaine, usually in response to conditioned cues. These cravings may surface months or years after the person has stopped using cocaine.</li>
      </ul>
      </div>

<div class="aod-content">
          <p>Cocaine is a <strong>Class A drug</strong>. The maximum penalty for importation/manufacture/supply is life imprisonment and for possession 6 months jail and/or $1000 fine.</p>
          <p>It is illegal to drive a motor vehicle while under the influence of any drug, including cocaine. Breaking this law carries heavy penalties including disqualification from driving, fines and even imprisonment. It is advised that you do not drive after the consumption of any mood altering substance. You could put your own and other people’s lives at serious risk.</p> 
          <p>Like all drugs, cocaine may have the potential to cause harm to the unborn child and also harm to the baby whilst breastfeeding.</p>
          <p>Due to this, it is recommended to not use <strong>any level</strong> of cocaine during pregnancy and whilst breastfeeding. See your doctor or other health professional if you are taking or planning to take any substance while pregnant or breastfeeding, including prescribed and over-the-counter medications.</p>
        </div>

Cocaine

<div class="aod-content">
          <p>Ecstasy (MDMA) or <q>MethyleneDioxyMethAmphetamine</q>, is a stimulant and an hallucinogen. It speeds up the central nervous system. Ecstasy is often used as a mood enhancer at parties and nightclubs. It is a synthetic drug usually sold as small tablets, in a variety of colours and sizes, but also comes in capsules or powder.</p>
          <p>Ecstasy can be taken orally, snorted, injected or anally (as a suppository). Common slang terms for ecstasy include the <q>love drug</q>, <q>E</q> and <q>eckies</q>. Ecstasy is usually swallowed as a tablet but can also come in powder form. Its effects begin around an hour after taking the drug and might last for up to 32 hours.</p> 
          <p>Ecstasy works by prompting the brain to initiate this <q>fight or flight</q> response and the user feels refreshed by a burst of energy. Ecstasy’s hallucinogenic properties distort the user’s experience of reality by triggering hallucinations of both sight and sound.</p> 
          <a href="http://www.drughelp.org.nz/" target="_blank">
            <img src="images/content/Generic-1-smaller.png">
          </a>
        </div>

<div class="aod-content">
        <p>Ecstasy can cause seizures and vomiting and may contribute to death as a result of heart attack, stroke, overheating or drinking too much water.</p> 
        <p>The effects of any drug vary from person to person.&nbsp; It depends on many factors including an individual’s size, weight and health, how the drug is taken, how much is taken, whether the person is used to taking it, the person’s mood and whether other drugs are taken.&nbsp; The effects also depend on the environment in which the drug is used – for example, whether the person is alone, with others, or in a social setting.</p> 
        
        <h3>Immediate effects</h3>
        <ul>
          <li>rise in blood pressure, body temperature and pulse rate</li>
          <li>increased energy, urge to dance and move about</li>
          <li>increased pulse, body temperature and blood pressure</li>
          <li>empathy, closeness to others, feeling <q>loved up</q></li>
          <li>jaw clenching, teeth grinding</li>
          <li>nausea and vomiting</li>
          <li>touch sensitivity</li>
          <li>strobe-like or jittery vision</li>
          <li>sweating</li>
          <li>anxiety</li>
          <li>dehydration</li>
        </ul>
        <p>
          As ecstasy causes a dangerous temperature increase it is important to keep sipping water to prevent
          dehydration. Water does not reduce the effect of ecstasy, it only prevents dehydration. 
          Drinking too much water can be dangerous; drink 250 mls per hour – up to 500 mls only if very active.
        </p>

        <h3>In greater quantities</h3>
        <ul>
          <li>hallucinations</li>
          <li>irrational behaviour</li>
          <li>vomiting</li>
          <li>convulsions</li>
          <li>loss of appetite</li>
          <li>insomnia</li>
          <li>depression</li>
          <li>muscle aches</li>
          <li>difficulty concentration for up to a day after use</li>
        </ul>

        <h3>Long-term effects</h3>
        <ul>
          <li>possible damage to the brain, heart and liver</li>
          <li>susceptibility to infections</li>
          <li>emotionally vulnerable</li>
        </ul>
        
        <h3>Overdose</h3>
        <p>Overdose of ecstasy is rare but can occur if you have too many pills or an allergic reaction. Symptoms can include:</p>
        <ul>
          <li>very high body temperature and blood pressure</li>
          <li>collapsing, fainting</li>
          <li>rapid heartbeat</li>
          <li>possible hallucinations and convulsions</li>
          <li>vomiting (sometimes people can vomit in early stages and this is not serious by itself, if it passes)</li>
          <li>irrational behaviour</li>
        </ul>
        <p>Death, although rare, can occur due to:</p>
        <ul>
          <li>over-stimulation, leading to heart attack or brain haemorrhage</li>
          <li>overheating, especially when dancing or during prolonged physical exertion</li>
          <li>drinking too much (hyponatremia) causing the brain to swell</li>
        </ul>

        <h3>Dependence</h3>
        <p>A substantial minority of those who use ecstasy regularly are likely, at some point, to become psychologically dependent ecstasy and will experience chronic problems in relation to their use of ecstasy.</p>
        <p>Research into the long-term risks of ecstasy use has so far shown no conclusive evidence that people become physically dependent on ecstasy.</p>

        <h3>Withdrawal</h3>
        <p>A recent overseas survey reports that a little over half of people who regularly use ecstasy report withdrawal symptoms such as</p>
        <ul>
          <li>fatigue</li>
          <li>loss of appetite</li>
          <li>depression</li>
          <li>difficulty concentrating</li>
        </ul>
      </div>

<div class="aod-content">
          <p>Like all drugs, ecstasy may have the potential to cause harm to the unborn child and also harm to the baby whilst breastfeeding. Due to this, it is recommended to not use any level of ecstasy during pregnancy and whilst breastfeeding.</p>
          <p>Ecstasy is a Class B drug. The maximum penalty for importation/ manufacture/supply is 14 years imprisonment and for possession 3 months jail and/or $500 fine.</p>
          <p>It is illegal to drive a motor vehicle while under the influence of any drug, including ecstasy. Breaking this law carries heavy penalties including disqualification from driving, fines and even imprisonment. It is advised that you do not drive after the consumption of any mood altering substance. You could put your own and other people’s lives at serious risk.</p>
        </div>

Ecstasy

<div class="aod-content">
          <p>Gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB), naturally occurs in the body as a neurochemical compound. It has been used in several countries as a general anaesthetic, and for treatment of some sleep disorders.</p> 
          <p>GHB is also known as <q>fantasy</q>, <q>grievous bodily harm</q> (<q>GBH</q>), <q>liquid ecstasy</q> and <q>liquid E</q>, but its effects are more similar to alcohol than E. It is classed as a depressant drug that contains sedative and, at sufficient doses, anaesthetic properties. Depressant drugs slow down the activity of the brain and other parts of the central nervous system.</p> 
          <p>GHB has also been used in <q>date rape drug</q> incidents.</p> 
          <a href="http://www.drughelp.org.nz/" target="_blank">
            <img src="images/content/Generic-1-smaller.png">
          </a>
        </div>

<div class="aod-content">
          <p>The effects of GHB appear to vary greatly according to the amount used – a small increase in amount can result in
            a dramatic increase in effect.&nbsp; One of the most dangerous aspects of using GHB is the small difference
            between an amount that produces the desired effect and the amount that results in overdose.
          </p>
          <p>A further risk with GHB is that there is often no way to be sure that the drug is manufactured correctly. Improperly made GHB may result in an extremely toxic mixture of GHB and the chemical sodium hydroxide.</p>
          
          <h3>Immediate effects</h3>
          <p>Generally, the effects of GHB are experienced within fifteen minutes after use and last for approximately three hours.&nbsp; Effects of lower amounts may include:</p>
          <ul>
            <li>sense of wellbeing</li>
            <li>relaxation</li>
            <li>drowsiness</li>
            <li>induced sleep</li>
            <li>nausea</li>
            <li>increased confidence, reduced inhibitions</li>
            <li>dizziness</li>
            <li>headache</li>
            <li>increased sociability</li>
            <li>enhanced sense of touch</li>
          </ul>

          <h3>In greater quantities</h3>
          <p>An increase in the amount or strength of GHB used, may result in the initial feelings of euphoria being replaced by effects including:</p>
          <ul>
            <li>confusion</li>
            <li>agitation</li>
            <li>extreme drowsiness/grogginess</li>
            <li>hallucinations</li>
            <li>difficulty focussing eyes</li>
            <li>vomiting</li>
            <li>stiffening of muscles</li>
            <li>disorientation</li>
            <li>convulsions/seizures</li>
            <li>unconsciousness/abrupt short-term coma</li>
            <li>respiratory collapse</li>
            <li>amnesia (afterwards)</li>
            <li>impaired movement and speech</li>
          </ul>

          <h3>Long-term effects</h3>
          <p>There has been little research conducted on the effects of long-term use of GHB.&nbsp; Apart from the potential
          to develop physical and psychological dependence, the health and social consequences of long-term use are
          largely unknown.</p>
  </div>

<div class="aod-content">
      <p>There appears to be a very fine line between the amount of GHB required to achieve the desired affect and that
          which leads to coma. Deaths has been associated with the use of GHB in the New Zealand. An added risk of
          overdose is that GHB can cause both unconsciousness and vomiting, which raises the risk of choking on vomit.</p>
      <p>Many people find GHB to be a pleasant alcohol replacement. Unfortunately, because it is often kept as a clear
          liquid and even in drinking bottles, it is difficult to judge the concentration and accidental ingestions
          leading to overdose are common.</p>
      <p>Dependence on GHB can be psychological or physical, or both.</p>
      <p>A sign of psychological dependence is when the use of a drug becomes increasingly important in a person’s life;
          the drug use may take priority over other activities and responsibilities.</p>
      <p>Physical dependence occurs when a person’s body becomes used to functioning with the drug present; if the person
          suddenly stops their drug use, withdrawal symptoms are experienced.</p>
      <p>Although research to date has been limited, there have been reports that prolonged use of high doses of GHB may
          lead to withdrawal symptoms after abrupt cessation of GHB use. Symptoms may include agitation/anxiety, insomnia,
          irregular heartbeat, muscle cramping and tremors. Withdrawal symptoms may be experienced from three to twelve
          days before subsiding.</p>
      <p>Many heavy users report being able to taper off their use to zero by reducing their intake slowly over a two week
          period.</p>
  </div>

<div class="aod-content">
      <p>GHB commonly comes as a colourless, odourless, bitter or salty-tasting liquid usually sold in small bottles or
          vials. It also comes as a crystal powder. It is mostly taken orally, however, there have been reports of people
          injecting the drug. Some media reports have suggested that GHB also comes in a bright blue liquid form (<q>blue nitro</q>), however, it is important to note that manufacturers can change the colour of GHB by adding a different
          colour food dye.</p>
      <p>Like all drugs, GHB may have the potential to cause harm to the unborn child and also harm to the baby whilst
          breastfeeding. Due to this, it is recommended to not use any level of GHB during pregnancy and whilst
          breastfeeding.</p>
  </div>

<div class="aod-content">
          <p>Hallucinogens, also known as <q>psychedelic</q> drugs, are drugs that change the way a person perceives the world. Hallucinogens markedly affect all the senses and cause hallucinations – seeing or hearing things that do not exist or are distorted.</p>
          <p>A person’s thinking, sense of time and emotions can also be altered.</p>
          <a href="http://www.drughelp.org.nz/" target="_blank">
            <img src="images/content/Generic-1-smaller.png">
          </a>
        </div>

<div class="aod-content">
          <p>The effects of any drug vary from person to person.&nbsp; It depends on many factors including an individual’s
            size, weight and health, how the drug is taken, how much is taken, whether the person is used to taking it, the
            person’s mood and whether other drugs are taken. The effects also depend on the environment in which the
            drug is used – for example, whether the person is alone, with others, or in a social setting.</p>
          <p>More than with any other drug, the effects of hallucinogens vary greatly from person to person, and from occasion
            to occasion.&nbsp; It is hard to know how the hallucinogenic experience, or ‘tripping’, will turn out.</p>

          <h3>Immediate effects</h3>
          <p>The effects of hallucinogens usually begin within half an hour of taking the drug, are at their strongest in 3 to 5 hours, and last for up to 12 hours.&nbsp; Typical effects include:</p> 
          <ul>
            <li>intense sensory experiences (eg brighter colours, sharper sounds)</li>
            <li>mixing of the senses (eg colours are heard or sounds seen)</li>
            <li>distorted sense of time (eg minutes can be slow as hours; reliving old events)</li>
            <li>distorted sense of space</li>
            <li>distorted body image (person feels as if they are floating or being pulled down by gravity)</li>
            <li>sense of relaxation and wellbeing</li>
            <li>pupils of the eyes may dilate</li>
            <li>rapid heart rate, increased blood pressure, abnormal rapid breathing</li>
            <li>nausea and loss of appetite, abdominal discomfort</li>
            <li>chills, flushing, shaking</li>
            <li>confusion, paranoia</li>
            <li>acute panic (a <q>bad trip</q>)</li>
            <li>poor co-ordination</li>
        </ul>
        <p>Deaths or accidents can occur as a result of tripping in unsafe environments – for example, near water or
            bridges, around open fires, or when driving.&nbsp; This is because people can no longer trust what they see and
            hear.</p>
        <h3>Long-term effects</h3>
        <h4>Flashbacks</h4>
        <p>Days, weeks or even years after using the drug, some people re-experience the
            effects. The user may see intense colours and other hallucinations. Flashbacks can be sparked by the use of
            other drugs, or by stress, fatigue or physical exercise. The flashback experience can range from being pleasant
            to producing severe feelings of anxiety. They are usually visual and last for a minute or two.</p>
        <p>There is also some evidence that heavy use of LSD can impair a user’s memory and concentration. Using LSD may increase the risk of certain people developing severe mental disturbances.</p>
        </div>

<div class="aod-content">
        <p>Larger quantities of magic mushrooms can cause stomach pain, nausea and vomiting, shivering, a numbing of the
            mouth and dizziness. People can mistake poisonous mushrooms for those containing psilocybin. Certain kinds of
            these poisonous mushrooms can cause death or permanent liver damage within hours of ingestion.</p>

        <h3>Tolerance</h3>
        <p>Hallucinogens are rarely used daily or regularly but when they are, tolerance develops quickly. Tolerance means
            that higher amounts need to be taken to get the same effect as before. With repeated daily use over three to
            four days, the desired effects tend to cease irrespective of the amount used. Any tolerance developed quickly
            goes away once regular use is stopped.</p>

        <h3>Dependence</h3>
        <p>Some regular users develop a psychological dependence. They have a strong desire to continue to use hallucinogens
            because they have become important in their daily lives. If they can’t get the drug they may panic or become
            anxious.</p>
    </div>

<div class="aod-content">
        <p>There are many different kinds of hallucinogens. Some occur naturally in trees, vines, seeds, fungi and leaves,
            (eg psilocybin found in certain mushrooms and cactus juice) while others are manufactured in laboratories (eg
            LSD, PCP (phencyclidine) and ketamine).</p>
            <h3>Types of hallucinogens</h3>
            <h4>Magic mushrooms</h4>
            <p><strong>Magic mushrooms</strong> (including <q>golden top</q> mushrooms) are a non-poisonous fungi which contains the
            chemical psilocybin and psilocin, which have hallucinogenic properties. In New Zealand it is illegal to
            cultivate or prepare any magic mushroom. </p>
            <p>Eight species of magic mushroom are known in New Zealand and are
            seasonally available (autumn). However, capsules of dried, powdered magic mushrooms are often around out of
            season. Magic mushrooms can be eaten fresh, cooked or brewed into a <q>tea</q>.</p>
            <h4>Cactus juice</h4>
            <p>Mescaline is the major hallucinogenic chemical found in the Peyote cactus, other cacti also have hallucinogenic properties. Cactus juice is extracted from the plant and drunk.</p>

            <h4>LSD</h4>
            <p><strong>LSD</strong> (lysergic acid diethylamide), also known as <q>acid</q>, in its pure state is a white, odourless,
            tasteless powder. It usually comes in the form of liquid, tablets or capsules, squares of gelatine or blotting
            paper. It is very potent, with small amounts causing strong effects. </p>
            <p>For easier handling, LSD is often diluted with another substance, such as sugar, or soaked into absorbent paper.</p>
            <p>LSD can be swallowed, sniffed, injected or smoked. It is usually soaked into small decorated squares of absorbent paper and taken orally. Each square represents one dose.</p>

            <h4>PCP</h4>
            <p>Also known as <q>angel dust</q>. As well as effects similar to LSD, the effects of PCP include euphoria and numbness. Heavy use can cause PCP psychosis with aggression, paranoia and violent or suicidal behaviour. 
            In its original state, PCP is a white crystalline powder, and is available in tablet, liquid, and powder forms.</p>
            <p>PCP is either ingested orally or smoked by applying the liquid form to tobacco or marijuana cigarettes or by lacing these and other cigarettes, sometimes containing herbs such as mint or parsley, with PCP powder.</p>

            <h4>Ketamine</h4>
        <p><strong>Ketamine </strong>(K, Special K, Horse, Kit kat, Jet) is a short acting general anaesthetic, which is
            used for medical and veterinary purposes. It is termed a ‘disassociative’, which means that it impedes the
            brain’s sensory connection to the body. Recreational use of ketamine is relatively low in New Zealand. Ketamine
            can be taken orally, snorted or injected.</p>
            <h3>Classifications</h3>
        <p>Cannabis, ecstasy, and cocaine are not hallucinogens but they can cause hallucinations at very high doses.</p>
        <p>Like all drugs, hallucinogens may have the potential to cause harm to the unborn child and also harm to the baby
            whilst breastfeeding. Due to this, it is recommended to not use any level of hallucinogens during pregnancy and
            whilst breastfeeding.</p>
        <p>LSD, PCP and magic mushrooms are classified as <strong>Class A drugs</strong>. The maximum penalty for
            importation/manufacture/supply is life imprisonment and for possession 6 months jail and/or $1,000 fine.</p>
        <p>Ketamine is classified as a <strong>Class C drug</strong>. The maximum penalty for importation/ manufacture/supply is 8 years
            imprisonment on indictment or 1 year jail and $1,000 fine summarily, and for possession 3 months jail and/or a
            $500 fine.</p>
        <p>In New Zealand it is illegal to cultivate or prepare any plant of the cacti species Lophophora williamsii or
            Lophophora lewinii for the purpose of the production of mescaline. There are also a large number of other
            specified cacti species that are prohibited or restricted for use as food.</p>
        <p>It is illegal to drive a motor vehicle while under the influence of any drug, including hallucinogens. Breaking
            this law carries heavy penalties including disqualification from driving, fines and even imprisonment. It is
            advised that you do not drive after the consumption of any mood altering substance. You could put your own and
            other people’s lives at serious risk.</p>
    </div>

Hallucinogens

<div class="aod-content">
          <p>Inhalants are a range of volatile substances (many of which are familiar household items) which, when vaporised and inhaled, may cause the user to feel intoxicated or <q>high</q>. Inhalants are <q>depressants</q>, which doesn’t necessarily mean that they make you feel depressed, rather they slow down the activity of the brain and central nervous system.</p>
          <a href="http://www.drughelp.org.nz/" target="_blank">
            <img src="images/content/Generic-1-smaller.png">
          </a>
        </div>

<div class="aod-content">
        <p>Messages are slowed down going to and from the brain to the body, including physical, mental and emotional
            responses.</p>
        <p>Small amounts of inhalants can affect you quite quickly, due to their rapid entry into the bloodstream through
            the lungs.</p>
        <h3>Immediate effects</h3>
        <p>Following are some of the immediate and short-term effects that can be experienced when using inhalants:</p>
        <ul>
            <li>Like alcohol, feeling less inhibited, laughting, becoming excited and generally feeling intoxicated are
                effects felt within 3 to 5 minutes of using inhalants. A sustained ‘high’ can be achieved by repeated use.
            </li>
            <li>Your mood can vary from mild excitement to euphoria. Sometimes you may become agitated and uneasy.</li>
            <li>The initial excitement is often followed by drowsiness.</li>
            <li>Inhalants may cause sneezing, coughing, glazed eyes or a runny nose, like having a cold or the flu.</li>
            <li>Inhalants can make people feel sick and have diarrhoea.</li>
            <li>After using inhalants people often have the smell of the product on their breath.</li>
            <li>Nosebleeds, bloodshot eyes, and sores around the mouth and nose.</li>
            <li>People may do reckless or dangerous things after using inhalants, which may cause serious accidents.</li>
        </ul>
        <p>These effects are usually over within an hour of inhaling.&nbsp; Hangovers and headaches may occur after the
            immediate effects have passed.&nbsp; Sometimes these last for several days although they are usually less common
            and less severe than hangovers caused by alcohol.</p>

        <h3>In greater quantities</h3>
        <p>If large amounts of inhalants are inhaled, disorientation and lack of co-ordination can occur.&nbsp; Other
            possible side effects include visual distortions and even losing consciousness and death.</p>

        <h3>Short-term use</h3>
        <p>With short-term use, most products rarely cause damage to the body.&nbsp; However, some glue sniffers have been
            admitted to hospital, unable to control their movements or speak properly, and sometimes have convulsions.&nbsp;
            Most of these symptoms clear within a few hours.&nbsp; Some people may experience problems with their breathing
            passages, but even this improves over time.</p>

        <h3>Long-term effects</h3>
        <p>Almost all young people who try inhalants only use them once or twice.&nbsp; They do not go on to become regular
            users.&nbsp; However, some people do use inhalants heavily and frequently, and may experience the following
            effects:</p>
        <ul>
            <li>Health problems: Long-term users may appear pale, have tremors, lose weight, feel tired and be unusually
                thirsty. They may also have anaemia, because some inhalants affect the production of blood.</li>
            <li>The lead in petrol, and some of the chemicals in other inhalants, may build up in the body. This irritates
                the lining of the stomach and intestines and can cause damage to the brain, nervous system, kidneys and
                liver. Prolonged and heavy use may even cause stupor or coma, problems with breathing, irregular heartbeat
                and sometimes seizures.</li>
            <li>Impaired thinking: They may also be forgetful and less able to think clearly or logically.</li>
            <li>Irritability: They may be irritable, hostile, depressed or feel persecuted.</li>
            <li>Permanent brain damage is rare, but can occur if people use inhalants heavily for a long period of time.
            </li>
        </ul>
        <p>As well as the other health risks associated with inhaling, chroming, in particular, can cause eye
            problems. Blood vessels can burst in the eyes, making them completely red, eventually leading to
            blindness.</p>
        <p>Most long-term effects are not permanent and are reversed if use is stopped.&nbsp; However, cleaning products,
            correction fluid and aerosol sprays can cause permanent damage.</p>
        <p>Withdrawal symptoms due to abrupt cessation of inhalant use are usually mild but in some cases severe symptoms
            can occur. The symptoms following abrupt termination of use can be anxiety, depression, loss of appetite,
            irritation, aggressive behaviour, dizziness, tremors and nausea.</p>
    </div>

<div class="aod-content">
        <p>A small number of people have died from using inhalants. The main danger comes from accidents when <q>high</q>, such as suffocation caused using plastic bags to inhale, choking on vomit when unconscious, and behaving recklessly.</p>
        <p><q>Sudden sniffing death</q> has followed the use of aerosol sprays, cleaning and correction fluids, and model aeroplane cement. It is believed that chemicals in these products can cause heart failure, particularly if the user is stressed or does heavy exercise after inhaling. This is very rare.</p>

        <h3>Tolerance</h3>
        <p>Tolerance does develop with regular use of inhalants.</p>

        <h3>Dependence</h3>
        <p>Dependence on inhalants can be psychological or physical, or both. However, dependence among users is rare
            considering the total number who have tried inhalants.</p>
        <p>With regular use of inhalants psychological dependence can occur. People psychologically dependent on inhalants
            find that using them becomes far more important than other activities in their life. They crave using and will
            find it very difficult to stop.</p>
        <p>Chronic abuse of inhalants may result in physical dependence. This means the body gets used to functioning with
            the inhalant present. Abruptly stopping use can cause withdrawal symptoms.</p>
    </div>

<div class="aod-content">
        <p>The fumes from organic solvents may simply be inhaled from their containers. A liquid solvent may also be poured
            or sprayed on an absorbent material to increase the release of fumes. Users often try to concentrate the fumes
            by putting the solvent in a paper or plastic bag or a rubber balloon, and then holding the open end over the
            mouth and nose.</p>
        <p>Capsules containing amyl nitrite are crushed and held beneath the nose. Butyl nitrite may be inhaled in its
            container, or, like organic solvents, applied to absorbent cloth or paper.</p>
        <p>Nitrous oxide may be inhaled through a mask from a tank of the compressed gas or directly from a punctured
            whippet. The nozzle of a whipped-cream container can also be depressed in such a way that only the NOS is
            discharged.</p>
        <p>Like all drugs, inhalants may have the potential to cause harm to the unborn child and also harm to the baby
            whilst breastfeeding. Due to this, it is recommended to not use any level of inhalants during pregnancy and
            whilst breastfeeding.</p>
        <p>Most inhalants are common household products, so it is not practical to make them illegal and it would not help
            protect young people from harm. However, it is illegal for shopkeepers to sell products to someone if they
            believe that they are to be used for inhaling.</p>
        <p>It is illegal to drive a motor vehicle while under the influence of any drug, including inhalants. Breaking this
            law carries heavy penalties including disqualification from driving, fines and even imprisonment. It is advised
            that you do not drive after the consumption of any mood altering substance. You could put your own and other
            people’s lives at serious risk.</p>
    </div>

Inhalants

<div class="aod-content">
          <p>Methamphetamine is a powerfully addictive drug that strongly activates certain systems in the brain. It is closely related to amphetamines, but has a greater effect on the central nervous system. </p>
          <h3>Street names for methamphetamine</h3>
          <p>
            <q>P</q>, <q>pure</q>, <q>speed</q>, <q>meth</q>, <q>chalk</q>, <q>crank</q>, <q>crystal</q>, <q>ice</q>, <q>glass</q>, <q>crystal meth</q>, <q>sketch</q>, <q>go</q>, <q>junk</q>, <q>wake up</q>, <q>zoom</q>, <q>tweak</q>, and <q>dope</q>
          </p>
          <a href="http://methhelp.org.nz/" target="_blank">
            <img src="images/content/Meth-2-smaller.png">
          </a>
        </div>

<div class="aod-content">
        <p>It belongs to a class of drugs known as <q>stimulants</q> and works by releasing high levels of the brain chemical
            dopamine, stimulating brain cells, enhancing mood and body movement. Methamphetamine is also a neurotoxin, which
            means that it damages the neurons that produce the neurotransmitters dopamine and serotonin.</p>
        <p>The immediate effect of Methamphetamine, even in small doses, is to increase wakefulness, physical activity and
            to decrease appetite. Methamphetamine can also cause a variety of cardiovascular problems, including rapid heart
            rate, irregular heartbeat, and increased blood pressure.</p>
    </div>

<div class="aod-content">
        <p>Long term impact can lead to classic addiction symptoms as the user requires increasingly amounts of the drug. In
            addition to being addicted to methamphetamine, chronic abusers may exhibit symptoms that can include significant
            anxiety, confusion, insomnia, mood disturbances, and violent behavior. They also may display a number of
            psychotic features, including paranoia, visual and auditory hallucinations, and delusions (for example, the
            sensation of insects creeping under the skin). Psychotic symptoms can sometimes last for months or years after a
            person has quit abusing methamphetamine. Long-term users also suffer physical effects, including weight loss,
            severe tooth decay and tooth loss (“meth mouth”), and skin sores.</p>
        <p>Long term use has been shown to have a negative impact upon brain activity, causing reduced motor speed and
            impaired visual learning. While some of these changes may be reversible after prolonged abstinence from
            Methamphetamine, other effects may become permanent.</p>
        <p>Methamphetamine is a <strong>Class A drug</strong> under the Misuse of Drugs Act and therefore attracts severe penalties.</p>
        <p>Manufacturing, importing, dealing and possession for supply can lead to a life sentence. Possession of five grams
            of methamphetamine (a tablespoon) is enough to warrant a conviction for possession for supply.</p>
        <p>Those caught importing the precursors of methamphetamine (pseudoephedrine and ephedrine) without a licence can
            attract jail sentences of up to eight years.</p>
        <p>Possessing a pipe or utensil for smoking methamphetamine is also an offence and can result in a one year jail
            term or a fine of up to $1000.</p>
    </div>

Methamphetamine

<div class="aod-content">
          <p>Opiates (sometimes called <q>narcotic analgesics</q>) include morphine, codeine, pethidine, heroin and opium. Opiates are <q>depressant</q> drugs. Depressant drugs do not necessarily make you feel depressed. Rather, they slow down the activity of the central nervous system and messages going to and from the brain and the body. This includes physical, mental and emotional responses.</p>
          <a href="http://www.drughelp.org.nz/" target="_blank">
            <img src="images/content/Generic-1-smaller.png">
          </a>
        </div>

<div class="aod-content">
        <p>The effects of any drug vary from person to person.&nbsp; It depends on many factors including an individual’s
            size, weight and health, how the drug is taken, how much is taken, whether the person is used to taking it, the
            person’s mood and whether other drugs are taken.&nbsp; The effects also depend on the environment in which the
            drug is used – for example, whether the person is alone, with others, or in a social setting.</p>

        <h3>Immediate effects</h3>
        <ul>
            <li>a rush of intense pleasure and a strong feeling of wellbeing</li>
            <li>feelings of pain, hunger or sexual urges may diminish</li>
            <li>breathing, blood pressure and pulse become slower, pupils of the eyes also get much smaller, mouth dries
                out.</li>
            <li>drowsiness – as the amount used increases, the user may feel warm, heavy and sleepy</li>
            <li>nausea and vomiting can occur</li>
        </ul>

        <h3>In greater quantities</h3>
        <p>The above immediate effects intensify and last longer with higher quantities of heroin.&nbsp; As the quantity
            used increases, the following effects are also likely to occur:</p>
        <ul>
            <li>poor concentration</li>
            <li>sleeping (<q>on the nod</q>)</li>
            <li>shallower and slower breathing</li>
            <li>nausea and vomiting</li>
            <li>sweating, itching and increased urinary output</li>
        </ul>

        <h3>Long-term effects</h3>
        <ul>
            <li>constipation</li>
            <li>menstrual irregularity and infertility in women</li>
            <li>loss of sex drive in men</li>
            <li>loss of appetite, malnutrition</li>
            <li>greater susceptibility to infections</li>
        </ul>
        <p>If a dependent person suddenly stops taking opiates, or severely cuts down the amount they use, they will
            experience physical withdrawal symptoms because their body has to readjust to functioning without the drug. This
            usually occurs within a few hours after last use.</p>
        <p>Withdrawal symptoms include a craving for the drug, restlessness, yawning, tears, diarrhoea, low blood pressure,
            stomach and leg cramps, vomiting, goose bumps, and a runny nose. These withdrawal symptoms get stronger and
            usually peak around 2 to 4 days after last use.</p>
        <p>They also include increased irritability, insomnia, loss of appetite, elevated heart rate, and emotional
            depression. Then they begin to get weaker and usually subside after 6 to 7 days. However, some symptoms, such as
            chronic depression, anxiety, insomnia, loss of appetite, periods of agitation and a continued craving for the
            drug, may last for periods of months and even years.</p>
    </div>

<div class="aod-content">
        <h3>Overdose</h3>
        <p>Overdose may occur if:</p>
        <ul>
            <li>too much opiate is used, or it is a strong batch</li>
            <li>it is used with alcohol or sedatives (benzodiazepines).</li>
        </ul>
        <p>Remember with these drugs – especially synthetic opioids – if you have never used before, you only need a very
            small amount.&nbsp; Overdose with these drugs is particularly dangerous as it can cause death.&nbsp; Breathing
            becomes very slow (and in some instances stops), body temperature drops, and heartbeat becomes irregular.</p>

        <h3>Tolerance</h3>
        <p>People who are physically dependent on opiates usually develop tolerance to the drug, making it necessary to take
            more and more to get the desired effects. Eventually, a usage plateau is reached, at which no amount of the drug
            is sufficient. When this level is achieved, dependent users continue to administer the drug, but largely for the
            purpose of delaying withdrawal sickness.</p>

        <h3>Dependence</h3>
        <p>Dependence on opiates can be psychological, physical, or both.</p>
        <p><strong>Psychological dependence</strong>: People who are psychologically dependent on opiates find that using it
            becomes far more important than other activities in their lives. They crave the drug and will find it very
            difficult to stop using it, or even to cut down on the amount they use.</p>
        <p><strong>Physical dependence</strong>: Physical dependence occurs when a person’s body adapts to the opiate and
            the body gets used to functioning with the drug present. For some people this dependence leads to bad eating
            habits, poor hygiene and housing problems. Poor nutrition and living conditions increase the risk of infections
            and other health problems. Maintaining the <q>habit</q> can sometimes lead to users turning to crime to get enough
            money to pay for it.</p>
    </div>

<div class="aod-content">
        <p>Morphine is most generally available as morphine sulphate tablets in various strengths from 10mg to 200mg, or as
            capsules, and may be taken orally. These can also be processed for use by injecting subcutaneously,
            intramuscularly, or intravenously; the last is the route preferred by those who are dependent on morphine.</p>
        <p>Codeine is usually taken orally but can be injected intramuscularly or subcutaneously. The intravenous route is
            usually not used as reactions such as facial swelling, pulmonary edema and convulsions can occur.</p>
        <p>Homebake is made by converting codeine-based pharmaceuticals into morphine. It is either sold as a liquid ready
            for injection or as crystals which are dissolved and injected.</p>
        <p>Pethidine can be taken orally, injected, and sniffed. It is unknown if smoking is possible.</p>
        <p>Heroin is fairly rare and expensive in New Zealand and, when available, is usually white or off white powder.
            Most heroin in NZ originates in SE Asia. Heroin is most commonly injected into a vein. It can also be smoked
            (<q>chasing the dragon</q>) or snorted.</p>
        <p>Opium from poppies can be smoked.</p>
        <h3>Classification</h3>
        <p>Heroin is a <strong>Class A drug</strong>. The maximum penalty for importation/ manufacture/supply is life imprisonment and for
            possession 6 months jail and/or $1000 fine.</p>
        <p>Morphine (including homebake) and Opium are <strong>Class B drugs</strong>. The maximum penalty for importation/manufacture/supply is 14 years imprisonment and for possession 3 months jail and/or $500 fine.</p>
        <p>Codeine is a <strong>Class C drug</strong>. The maximum penalty for importation/ manufacture/supply is 8 years imprisonment and for possession 3 months jail and/or a $500 fine.</p>
        <p>It is illegal to drive a motor vehicle while under the influence of any drug, including opiates. Breaking this
            law carries heavy penalties including disqualification from driving, fines and even imprisonment. It is advised
            that you do not drive after the consumption of any mood altering substance. You could put your own and other
            people’s life at serious risk.</p>
        <p>Like all drugs, opiates may have the potential to cause harm to the unborn child and also harm to the baby whilst
            breastfeeding. Due to this, it is recommended to not use any level of opiates during pregnancy and whilst
            breastfeeding.</p>
    </div>

Opiates

<div class="aod-content">
          <p>Party pills are psychoactive substances that were designed to mimic the effects of illegal drugs without the             addictive qualities and known negative health risks of illegal drugs. </p>
          <p>They can stimulate the central nervous system and change the natural balance of chemicals in the brain by stimulating the production of serotonin, dopamine and adrenalin.</p>
          <a href="http://www.drughelp.org.nz/" target="_blank">
            <img src="images/content/Generic-1-smaller.png">
          </a>
        </div>

<div class="aod-content">
        <p>The effects of any drug vary from person to person. It depends on many factors including an individual’s size, weight and health, how the drug is taken, how much is taken, whether the person is used to taking it, the person’s mood and whether other drugs are taken.</p>
        <p>The effects also depend on the environment in which the drug is used – for example, whether the person is alone, with others, or in a social setting.</p>

        <h3>Immediate Effects</h3>
        <p>Depending on the dosage and the variety of pill(s) taken, the effects of these changes to your body can lead to:</p>
        <ul>
            <li>euphoria, energy, alertness for up to six hours</li>
            <li>aural and visual senses enhanced</li>
            <li>stimulation of brain and central nervous system</li>
            <li>increased or erratic heart rate and raised blood pressure</li>
            <li>skin tingling, sweating, tremor, fever</li>
            <li>clenching of teeth</li>
            <li>rigid muscles</li>
            <li>vomiting</li>
            <li>reduced appetite</li>
            <li>difficulty urinating</li>
            <li>agitation, anxiety</li>
            <li>insomnia</li>
            <li>paranoia</li>
            <li>water retention or dehydration, especially if the pills were used with alcohol</li>
            <li>sore throat or nasal passages if snorting</li>
            <li>significant hangover effects that can last up to 4 days</li>
            <li>if being drug tested it gives a positive result for amphetamines</li>
        </ul>

        <h3>In greater quantities</h3>
        <ul>
            <li>hallucinations</li>
            <li>convulsions</li>
            <li>slowed breathing</li>
        </ul>

        <h3>Long-term effects</h3>
        <p>The longer term effects are not known yet but it is possible that over-use can lead to long term changes in the way the brain produces chemicals naturally.</p>
    </div>

<div class="aod-content">
        <p>With incorrect use, or large doses, these drugs can cause seizures, movement disorder, cardiac disorders, kidney
            and liver toxicity and hyperthermia (overheating).</p>

        <h3>Tolerance</h3>
        <p>With regular use, people can develop a tolerance to the active ingredients in party pills. This means they need
            to take more and more to get the same effect. It is believed that it was a growing tolerance that led some users
            to begin injecting.</p>

        <h3>Dependence</h3>
        <p>Due to the relatively recent (around 2000) introduction of party pills there is not as much research available as
            for other drugs. However, it is known that there is a risk of psychological dependence.</p>
        <p>There is no known risk of physical dependence on party pills.</p>
    </div>

<div class="aod-content">
        <p>Party pills are often marketed as <q>herbal</q> or as dietary supplements. These products are synthetically combined – they are not natural or herbal.</p>
        <p>Historically they were usually based on piperazines, most commonly <strong>BZP</strong> (benzylpiperazine) and <strong>TFMPP</strong> (triflouro-methyl-phenylpiperazine), and combined with other chemicals such as piper nigrum, phenylalanine, tryptophan and tyrosine. Some pills include a combination of vitamins and minerals to reduce the hangover and coming down effects.</p>
        <p>The pills can be taken orally, snorted or injected.</p>
        <p>Like all drugs, party pills may have the potential to cause harm to the unborn child and also harm to the baby whilst breastfeeding. Due to this, it is recommended to not use any level of party pills during pregnancy and whilst breastfeeding.</p>
        <p>As of <date>1 April 2008</date> BZP, TFMPP, pFPP, MeOPP, mCPP and MBZP have been classified as a <strong>Class C1 drug</strong> under the Misuse of Drugs Act, making it illegal to import, export, sell, and have in your possession or to use anything
            containing these substances. The maximum penalty for importation/manufacture/supply is 8 years imprisonment on
            indictment or 1 year jail and $1,000 fine summarily, and for possession 3 months jail and/or a $500 fine.</p>
        <p>It is illegal to drive a motor vehicle while under the influence of any drug, including party pills. Breaking
            this law carries heavy penalties including disqualification from driving, fines and even imprisonment. It is
            advised that you do not drive after the consumption of any mood altering substance. You could put your own and
            other people’s lives at serious risk.</p>
    </div>

Party Pills

<div class="aod-content">
          <p>Synthetic cannabinoids are smokable products containing varieties of plant matter that have been infused with
              synthetic cannabinomimetic substances. Examples include the brand Kronic. </p>
          <p>They act in a similar way to cannabinoids naturally found in cannabis such as tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Therefore these products were intended to be a legal alternative to cannabis,&nbsp;but are now banned.</p>
          <a href="http://www.drughelp.org.nz/" target="_blank">
            <img src="images/content/Generic-1-smaller.png" >
          </a>
        </div>

<div class="aod-content">
        <p>Synthetic marijuana acts on the same brain cell receptors as natural marijuana, but are more likely to cause hallucinations and heart problems.</p>
        <p>Synthetic marijuana has also been linked to an <a href="http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=synthetic-marijuana-harms" target="_blank"><cite>increased risk of seizures.</cite></a></p>
        <p><blockquote cite="http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=synthetic-marijuana-harms"><q>We know the acute clinical effects; we don’t know the chronic effects</q> – Dr Leo Schep, Toxicologist</blockquote></p>
        <p>Otago University’s National Poisons Centre published 70% of participants in the Australian study reported at least one negative side effect.</p>
        <p>These included (but were not limited to):</p>
        <ul>
          <li>Decreased motor coordination (39%)</li>
          <li>Fast or irregular heart beat (33%)</li>
          <li>Disassociation (22%)</li>
          <li>Dizziness (20%)</li>
          <li>Paranoia (18%)</li>
          <li>and Psychosis (4%)</li>
        </ul>
        <p><cite>(Of Substance Magazine, <q>Cannabis: A potent problem</q>. Vol. 11 No 1. March 2013)</cite></p>

        <p>Use of synthetic cannabis (in NZ) has also been linked to Psychosis, Renal failure, and Heart failure, with scarily high rates of seizures among users (18%). </p>
        <p>In Timaru, we know of young people who have been hospitalized after using synthetics, and these effects can occur a couple of days after use. The inventor of synthetic cannabinoids, Emeritus Professor John Huffman, has publically declared his concern over their use, saying they can lead to serious psychological problems which may be irreversible.</p> 
        <p>Information is limited about the likely effects of many synthetic cannabinoids substance because of their recent
            emergence on the market. A number of different plants are often listed on the packaging of smoking mixtures, but
            it appears that many are not present and that the packaging cannot be trusted. The chemical composition of
            synthetic cannabinoids and the ingredients of smoking mixtures are changing all the time, so you can never be
            sure what you’re getting, how powerful it is and how it could affect you.</p>

        <h3>Long-term effects</strong></h3>
        <p>The National Poisons Centre believes the increased availability of synthetic cannabinoids has resulted in more
            calls from doctors and ambulance officers reporting breathing problems, paranoia and recurring psychotic
            episodes.</p>
        <p>Reports from a New Zealand Clinical worker state that the mental states of at least five forensic patients has
            deteriorated significantly after using Spice and/or Kronic products. This has manifested as the sudden
            re-emergence of psychosis; predominantly agitation, disorganisation and delusional beliefs. Regular use of
            products containing stronger synthetic cannabinoids may increase the risk of later developing psychotic
            illnesses including schizophrenia.</p>
        <p>The inventor of synthetic cannabinoids, Emeritus Professor John Huffman, has publically declared his concern over
            their use, saying they can lead to serious psychological problems and it is not known if these are irreversible.
        </p>
    </div>

<div class="aod-content">
        <h3>Tolerance</strong></h3>
        <p>A 2009 report from the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction suggests tolerance to some
            synthetic cannabinoids may develop fairly fast. This is a concern because users may be at risk of developing
            dependence. Taking these substances in bigger quantities, more regularly could increase in tolerance to both the
            effect and duration of the drugs.</p>

        <h3>Dependence</strong></h3>
        <p>There is limited evidence around the dependence, addiction and overdose risk from synthetic cannabinoid use.
            However, as with cannabis, it is very likely that dependence is a real risk for users.</p>
        <p>Dependence on synthetic cannabinoids will be influenced by a number of factors, including how long you’ve been
            using it, how much you use and whether you are just more prone to become dependent. If you’ve only been using
            for a short while there should be no problem stopping but with continued regular use of synthetic cannabinoids
            it may become more difficult.</p>
        <p>A person may find they have difficulty stopping regular use and may experience psychological and physical
            withdrawals when they do stop. The withdrawals can include cravings for synthetic cannabinoids, irritability,
            mood changes, loss of appetite, weight loss, difficulty sleeping and even sweating, shaking and diarrhea.</p>

        <h3>When to get immediate help</h3>
        <p>Go to the nearest hospital Emergency Department (<a href="tel:111">call 111</a> if you can’t get someone to hospital) if a person shows
            any of the following symptoms after using psychoactive substances:</p>
        <ul>
            <li>Difficulty breathing</li>
            <li>Feeling cut off from the world</li>
            <li>Chest pain</li>
            <li>Racing heart rate</li>
            <li>Difficult to rouse or wake</li>
            <li>Lowered consciousness</li>
            <li>Shaking and twitching</li>
            <li>Rapid eyeball movement</li>
            <li>Non-stop vomiting</li>
            <li>Extreme anxiety and panic</li>
            <li>Fainting</li>
            <li>Loss of speech and eyesight</li>
            <li>Paranoia</li>
            <li>Loss of contact with reality</li>
            <li>Seizures</li>
        </ul>
        <h3>What can I expect if I stop using?</h3>
        <p>If you have been using psychoactive substances regularly and you stop, you are likely to experience withdrawal
            (also known as <q>detox</q>). Withdrawal can cause symptoms that could last for several weeks or even months.</p>
        <p>Most people can cope with mild withdrawal by knowing what to expect, taking extra care of themselves (such as
            resting and drinking water) and possibly using natural remedies to help with sleep and agitation. Most people
            will complete withdrawal with mild to moderate symptoms.</p>
        <h3>Common withdrawal symptoms</h3>
        <ul>
            <li>Restlessness</li>
            <li>Irritability</li>
            <li>Agitation</li>
            <li>Sleep problems</li>
            <li>Low mood</li>
            <li>Heavy sweating</li>
            <li>Anxiety</li>
            <li>Headaches</li>
            <li>Low energy</li>
            <li>Poor concentration</li>
            <li>Mood swings</li>
            <li>Vomiting</li>
            <li>Diarrhoea</li>
            <li>Aches and pains</li>
            <li>Nausea</li>
            <li>Low appetite</li>
            <li>Craving drugs</li>
        </ul>
        <p>For more information about how to look after yourself or somebody else in withdrawal see: <a href="http://www.matuaraki.org.nz/library/matuaraki/managing-your-own-withdrawal-a-guide-for-people-trying-to-stop-using-drugs-and-or-alcohol" target="_blank">Managing your own withdrawal</a> on <a href="http://matuaraki.org.nz" target="_blank">matuaraki.org.nz</a></p>
        
        <h3>More extreme withdrawal symptoms</h3>
        <ul>
            <li>Extreme panic and anxiety</li>
            <li>Depression</li>
            <li>Hallucinations</li>
            <li>Paranoia</li>
            <li>Racing heart</li>
            <li>Anger</li>
            <li>Suicidal thoughts</li>
            <li>Ongoing diarrhoea and vomiting</li>
            <li>Aggression and violence</li>
            <li>Confusion and memory problems</li>
        </ul>
        <p>These symptoms can be very distressing and risky for people to try and manage by themselves. <a class="ext"
                href="http://www.addictionshelp.org.nz/Services/Home" target="_blank">Addiction services</a> are able to help people manage
            these symptoms and support them through.</p>
        <p>If you have concerns about withdrawal symptoms contact your doctor or local hospital. </p>
        <p>If you think a person experiencing withdrawal is having suicidal thoughts or they have a history of feeling suicidal or low mood, ring the <a href="http://www.mentalhealth.org.nz/get-help/in-crisis/" target="_blank">mental health crisis service</a> at your local hospital.</p>
    </div>

<div class="aod-content">
        <p>As of <date>8 May 2014 12:01am</date> the <a href="http://www.health.govt.nz/our-work/regulation-health-and-disability-system/psychoactive-substances" target="_blank">Psychoactive Substances Amendment Act</a> (the Amendment Act) came into force. This gives effect to the Government’s decision to introduce legislation ending interim product approvals under the Psychoactive Substances Act.</strong></p>
        <p>The legislation revokes all interim product approvals and all interim retail and wholesale licences with immediate effect. Under section 88 of the Psychoactive Substances Act the Authority is issuing an urgent recall of all products that had interim product approval.</p>
        <p>Read more at the <a href="http://www.health.govt.nz/" target="_blank">Ministry of Health</a> website.</p>
        <p>There are hundreds of cannabinoid compounds and manufacturers are constantly changing compositions to produce new products.</p>
        <p><a href="https://alcoholdrughelp.org.nz/synthetics/" target="_blank">Click here</a> for our Frequently Asked Questions section on Synthetics.</p>

        <h3>Types of cannabinoids</h3>
        <p>Synthetic cannabinoids fall into seven major structural groups:</p>
        <ol>
            <li>Naphthoylindoles (e.g. JWH-018, JWH-073)</li>
            <li>Naphthylmethylindoles</li>
            <li>Naphthoylprrroles</li>
            <li>Naphthylmethylindenes</li>
            <li>Phenylacetylindoles</li>
            <li>Cyclohexylphenois (e.g. CP 47,497)</li>
            <li>Classical cannabinoids (e.g. HU-210)</li>
        </ol>
        <p>They are generally smoked and different blends are available offering different effects. They can be purchased in a range of quantities, for example, by the gram, ounce or pre-rolled like a <q>joint</q>.</p>
        <p>There is limited evidence surrounding the harms and prevalence of these products due to their recent introduction to the market. As of <date>8th May 2014</date> all products that had interim approval have been banned, and it is illegal to sell or posess product.</p>
        
        <h3>Alternative Names</h3>
        <p><q>Kronic</q>, <q>Spice</q>, <q>Dream</q>, <q>Aroma</q>, <q>Tai High</q>, <q>K2</q>, <q>legal cannabis</q>, <q>legal pot</q>, <q>legal weed</q>, and <q>herbal highs</q></p>
        <p>See more info <a href="http://www.drugfoundation.org.nz/synthetic-cannabinoids" target="_blank">here</a>, provided by NZ Drug Foundation.</p>
        <p>Smoking any substance is not advisable whilst either pregnant or breastfeeding as studies have shown correlations between smoking and damage to the development of the unborn fetus.</p>
        </div>

Synthetic Cannabis

<div class="aod-content">
          <p>There can be up to 600 additives and flavourings in a single cigarette.</p>
          <h3>Chemicals</h3>
          <p>There are over 4,000 chemicals in tobacco smoke, many of which are poisonous, 43 of which have been proven to be carcinogenic (causing cancer). These chemicals include:</p>

          <h4>Nicotine</h4> 
          <p>Nicotine is the main addictive ingredient in tobacco. The strength of addiction is
              said to be as powerful, or more so, than that of heroin. Nicotine is readily absorbed into the blood and gives a
              hit (a rush) to the brain in about 10 seconds. It is the regular hits of nicotine that the brain comes to expect
              and when people quit it causes withdrawal symptoms. Nicotine is a stimulant that increases the heart rate and
              blood pressure. Nicotine is a poison – swallowing one drop of pure nicotine can kill an adult.</p>

          <h4>Tar</h4> 
          <p>When a cigarette burns, tar is released and deposited into the lungs every time a person
              inhales. Smoking 20 or more cigarettes a day deposits 450gm to 650gm into the lungs every year. Tar is the main
              cause of lung and throat cancer in smokers.</p>
              
          <h4>Carbon Monoxide</h4> 
          <p>This is the same chemical pushed out by cars. Carbon monoxide is a colourless,
              odourless and very toxic gas, which is taken up more readily by the lungs than oxygen. It prevents the blood
              carrying oxygen around the body. A heavy smoker’s ability to carry oxygen around the body is reduced by up to
              15%. High levels of carbon monoxide in the blood is typical of smokers and, together with nicotine, increases
              the risk of heart disease, hardening of the arteries and other circulatory problems.</p>

          <h4>Acetone</h4>
          <p> Acetone is used as a solvent to remove nail varnish.</p>

          <h4>Ammonia</h4>
          <p> Ammonia speeds up the delivery of the nicotine. It freebases the nicotine in the same way as a crack user takes cocaine.</p>

          <h4>Hydrogen cyanide</h4>
          <p>Another gas that reduces the body’s ability to carry oxygen around the body.</p>

          <h4>Benzene</h4>
          <p> Used as a solvent in fuel and dyes. Known to cause cancer.</p>

          <h4>Cadmium</h4>
          <p> Used to make batteries, cadmium is known to cause kidney damage. It increases the risk of developing lung cancer.</p>

          <h4>Pyridine</h4>
          <p> Pyridine is a central nervous system depressant that boosts the effect of smoking.</p>

          <a href="http://www.drughelp.org.nz/" target="_blank">
            <img src="images/content/Generic-1-smaller.png">
          </a>
        </div>

<div class="aod-content">
        <p>The effects of smoking will vary from person to person and depend on such things as:</p>
        <ul>
            <li>a person’s susceptibility to chemicals in tobacco smoke;</li>
            <li>the number of cigarettes smoked per day;</li>
            <li>the age when the person began smoking; and</li>
            <li>the number of years of smoking.</li>
        </ul>
        <h3>Immediate effects </h3>
        <ul >
            <li>smoking one cigarette immediately raises a person’s blood pressure and heart rate and decreases the blood
                flow to body extremities like the fingers and toes;</li>
            <li>brain and the nervous system activity is stimulated for a short time and then reduced;</li>
            <li>a smoker may also experience dizziness, nausea, watery eyes and acid in the stomach; and appetite, taste and
                smell are weakened.</li>
        </ul>
        <h3>Other effects of cigarette smoking </h3>
        <ul>
            <li>smokers typically experience shortness of breath, persistent coughs, reduced fitness, yellow stains on
                fingers and teeth and decreased sense of taste and smell;</li>
            <li>smokers have more colds and flu than non-smokers and find it harder to recover from minor illnesses;</li>
            <li>smoking can cause impotence in men, while women who smoke are less fertile than non-smokers;</li>
            <li>people who smoke tend to have facial wrinkles appearing much earlier and, in general, look older than
                non-smokers of the same age.</li>
        </ul>
        <h3>Smokers have an increased risk of developing: </h3>
        <ul>
            <li>respiratory infections such as pneumonia and chronic bronchitis</li>
            <li>emphysema:&nbsp; a progressive and potentially fatal lung disease</li>
            <li>heart attack and coronary disease</li>
            <li>cancer of the lung, throat, mouth, bladder, kidney, pancreas, cervix, stomach</li>
            <li>stomach ulcers</li>
            <li>peripheral vascular disease due to decreased blood flow to the legs</li>
        </ul>
        <p>A person who is dependent on cigarettes may find that they experience withdrawal symptoms when they cut down or stop smoking cigarettes.&nbsp; These can include:&nbsp; increased nervousness and tension, agitation, loss of concentration, changes to sleep patterns, headaches, coughs and cravings.</p>
        </div>

<div class="aod-content">
        <p>Smoking during pregnancy can affect the unborn child and babies are more likely to be born underweight, premature
            or stillborn.</p>
        <p>Passive smoking, where a person is subject to breathing in the cigarette smoke of others, can cause lung damage,
            including cancer and heart disease.</p>
        <p>Children exposed to tobacco smoke in the home are more likely to get croup, pneumonia and bronchitis in their
            first year of life; to develop asthma and suffer from more frequent and more severe attacks; and to become
            regular smokers themselves.</p>
        <p>One in six deaths in New Zealand is related to tobacco use.</p>
        <p>Approximately 4,500 New Zealanders die every year from tobacco – that is more than from road crashes, suicide,
            skin cancers, drowning, homicide and AIDS combined.</p>
        <p>One out of two people who smoke die, on average, 14 years earlier than their counterparts who have never smoked.
        </p>
        <p>There are immediate benefits from stopping smoking at any age. For example, within a week, nicotine and carbon
            monoxide will be out of the system and the lungs will be working more efficiently.</p>
        <ul>
            <li>Taste buds will come alive and sense of smell improves</li>
            <li>Breath, hair, fingers, teeth and clothes will look and smell cleaner</li>
            <li>Within three months, blood flow to the hands and feet improves</li>
            <li>&nbsp;After twelve months the risk of cancer and heart disease is reduced</li>
        </ul>
    </div>

<div class="aod-content">
        <h3>Cigarettes</h3>
        <p>French for <q>small cigar</q>, are a product consumed through smoking and manufactured out of cured and finely cut tobacco leaves and reconstituted tobacco, often combined with other additives, which are then rolled or stuffed into a paper-wrapped cylinder.</p>
        <p>Cigarettes are ignited and inhaled, usually through a cellulose acetate filter, into the mouth and lungs. Cigarette smoking is the most common method of consumption.</p>

        <h3>Roll-Your-Own</h3> 
        <p>Also known as <q>hand-rolled cigarettes</q>, they are prepared from loose tobacco, cigarette papers and filters all bought separately. They are usually much cheaper to make.</p>

        <h3>Cigars</h3> 
        <p>Cigars are tightly rolled bundles of dried and fermented tobacco which is ignited so that its smoke may be drawn into the smoker’s mouth. They are generally not inhaled because of the high alkalinity of the smoke, which can quickly become irritating to the trachea and lungs. Instead the smoke is generally drawn into the mouth.</p> 
        
        <h3>Pipe smoking</h3>
        <p>Pipe smoking typically consists of a small chamber (the bowl) for the combustion of the tobacco to be smoked and a thin stem (shank) that ends in a mouthpiece (the bit). Shredded pieces of tobacco are placed into the chamber and ignited.</p>
        </div>

Tobacco


      <div class="aod-content">
      <p>The word addiction is commonly used as a way of describing a person’s state where alcohol
          or other drug use dominates how a person functions, usually including a physical and a psychological dependence.
          It is a compulsion to use a substance or persist with a certain behaviour, no matter what, in order to feel good
          or to avoid feeling bad.</p>
      <p>An addiction is different for everyone, depending on the substance or behaviour you crave
          and the kind of person you are. Not everyone who has a problem with alcohol or other drugs is addicted.</p>
      <p>Clinicians draw a distinction between physical dependence and psychological dependence,
          which are features of addiction, and substance abuse. Understanding the differences is important.</p>
  </div>
    

What is addiction?


      <div class="aod-content">
      <h3>Is it ever safe to use drink alcohol or use drugs?</h3>
      <p>Different people react in different ways to alcohol and drugs. The safest option is to
          avoid drinking alcohol or using drugs.</p>
      <p>If you are concerned about whether your use is okay then check out either our <a title="Test your drug taking"
              href="/problem">drug
              test</a> or <a title="Test your drinking"
              href="/problem">drink test</a>.</p>
      <p>No drugs are safe – all drugs have risks associated with them. This includes drugs
          prescribed by a doctor, medicines you buy over-the-counter at the supermarket or pharmacy, legal drugs such as
          tobacco or alcohol, and illegal drugs such as cannabis, methamphetamines, ecstasy and heroin.</p>
      <p>The effect of any one drug (including alcohol) depends on lots of things, including the
          person’s size, weight, metabolism, general health and wellbeing, how much is used, how it is taken, whether the
          person is used to using it, whether other drugs are also taken, the person’s mood and the environment in which
          it is used.</p>
      <p>Avoiding use of all drugs, unless prescribed by a medical professional, is the safest
          option. However, if you do choose to use alcohol or other drugs, please:</p>
      <ul>
          <li>When taking prescription medications, always follow instructions for use</li>
          <li>When drinking alcohol, drink sensibly and stick to the recommended <a title="Alcohol"
                  href="/drug#drug-alcohol">guidelines</a></li>
          <li>When taking illicit drugs, know what you are taking, the risks and effects the warning signs and what to do
              if something goes wrong. Knowledge and information guides you and helps keep you safe. Click on <a
                  title="Drugs A – Z" href="/drug">Drugs A-Z</a> in the navigation for
              further information.</li>
      </ul>
      <p>At any time, if you seek advice and guidance, contact the Helpline <strong>(<a href='tel:0800 87797'>0800 787 797</a>)</strong>.</p>
  
  </div>
    

What’s OK?

Alcohol & Drug

Nau mai, welcome to the Alcohol Drug Helpline. Our alcohol drug telephone helpline is only a call away. Call 0800 787 797, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, to speak with a trained counsellor.

Our alcohol drug telephone helpline is only a call away. Call 0800 787 797, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, to speak with a trained counsellor.

Drugs A - Z